Jurnal Pembelajaran dan Biologi Nukleus is a peer-reviewed journal that is published by LPPM of Universitas Labuhanbatu. This Journal publishes current original research and review in all aspects on Biology, Biology Education and related field. This journal has been accredited as SINTA-3Rd Level by Dirjen RistekDikti since December 2021. The review process employs a double-blind review, which means that both the reviewer and author identities are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa. Jurnal Pembelajaran dan Biologi Nukleus and the Publisher apply a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY - SA 4.0), and committed to provide immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Since 2024, Update Official Contact: Rivo Hasper Dimenta +62813 6223 8917
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Morphological Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria Peppermint (Mentha Piperita L.)
Background: The peppermint plant (Mentha piperita L.) is a type of medicinal plant that is widely found in temperate regions, especially Europe, North America and Africa. This plant contains essential oils, menthol, and menthone, menthafuran, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins and various minerals are also widely contained in peppermint leaf oil (M. piperita L.). The purpose of this study was to isolate and determine the morphological diversity of endophytic bacteria from peppermint plants (M. piperita L.). Methodology: The method used in this study is to take isolation samples, pure culture, characterization and gram staining to determine whether it includes gram-negative or positive bacteria. The results of the study of 12 cultures of endophytic bacterial isolates from plants (M. piperita L.) were taken 10 isolates from each different culture media. Findings: The results of morphological observations of bacterial colonies show diverse characteristics in terms of surface, appearan, ceelevation, edges, and colour. Gram Staining Test of Endophytic Bacterial Isolates from the roots, leaves, and stems of mint plants against endophytic bacteria showed that there were gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates. Then the results of bacterial cell shape morphology have a diversity of Cocobacil, Coccus, and Bacil forms so it can be concluded that endophytic bacterial isolates from peppermint plants (M. piperita L.) have varied morphological diversity. Contribution: Data on the morphological diversity of endophytic bacteria from M. piperita L. provides important basic data for further research on the potential of M. piperita L. endophytic bacteria
Copyright (c) 2025 Rangga Ardiansyah, Sartika Wati Dwi Sapitri, Muhammad Naufal Dzakwan, Nisa Muhammad Thalib, Monika Thamara, Lia Putri Maharani, Risky Hadi Wibowo, Sipriyadi Sipriyadi, Welly Darwis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploration of Endophytic Bacteria from Rice Roots as a Biocontrol Agency for Leaf Blight Disease in Vitro
Background: Endophytic bacteria live within plant tissues without causing disease symptoms and possess strong potential as biocontrol agents through the production of antimicrobial compounds such as bacillomycin, iturin, siderophores, hydrogen cyanide, chitinase, glucanase, protease, and volatile compounds like acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, and H₂S. These metabolites can inhibit leaf blight pathogens, including Xanthomonas oryzae. The prolonged use of chemical pesticides has caused pathogen resistance, environmental harm, and health risks, highlighting the need for eco-friendly biopesticides. Endophytic bacteria provide a sustainable alternative by suppressing pathogens through competition, biofilm formation, and inducing plant resistance. This study aims to explore the potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from rice roots as biocontrol agents against leaf blight pathogens in vitro. Methodology: Endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy 40 days rice plants in Pajar Village, Darul Hikmah District, Aceh Jaya Regency Aceh Province. Isolation and purification were carried out using the streak plate technique, followed by macroscopic and microscopic characterization. Antagonistic ability was evaluated through the well diffusion method, and the effects of selected isolates on seed vigor and viability were assessed. Findings: A total of 25 isolates were successfully obtained, exhibiting macroscopic and microscopic diversity. Seven isolates inhibited pathogen growth by forming clear zones, with isolate AJY07 showing moderate inhibition (10 mm). These seven isolates (AJY04, AJY06, AJY07, AJY09, AJY11, AJY23, and AJY24) also enhanced seed vigor and viability and reduced infection during germination by 10–20% compared to controls. Contributions: The findings demonstrate the potential of selected endophytic bacteria as environmentally friendly biopesticides to support the development for sustainable rice cultivation
Copyright (c) 2025 Vina Maulidia, Agustinur Agustinur, Mawaddah Putri Arisma Siregar, Rayhan Amadius Weihan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
An Environment-Oriented PBL Digital Worksheet to Support Critical Thinking Development in Ecosystem Learning
Background: The development of students’ critical thinking skills requires learning media that actively engage students in problem analysis, reasoning, and decision-making processes. However, the use of electronic student worksheets (E-LKPD) in schools is still limited and often does not fully integrate problem-based learning principles or contextual environmental issues. Many available LKPDs remain procedural and teacher-centered, reducing opportunities for students to practice higher-order thinking skills independently. This condition indicates the need for innovative E-LKPD that are systematically designed to support critical thinking development through problem-based learning approaches. This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an environment-based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) electronic student worksheet (E-LKPD) on ecosystem content to enhance senior high school students’ critical thinking skills. Methodology: This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, which consists of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The product was validated by two experts using a Likert-scale-based expert validation questionnaire covering content, media, and language aspects. Practicality testing involved one biology teacher and nineteen students, while effectiveness was analyzed using a pretest–posttest design with the Shapiro–Wilk test and paired t-test. Findings: The validation results obtained an average percentage of 91%, categorized as very valid. Practicality testing involving 1 teacher and 19 students SMAN 1 Toari showed positive responses with a percentage of 84%, classified as very practical. The effectiveness of the E-LKPD was evidenced by an increase in the average score from 82.68 to 89.46 among students of class X.4 at MAN 1 Kolaka, along with a significance value of 0.000, indicating a significant difference after the implementation of the E-LKPD. Contribution: These findings indicate that the environmental-based PBL E-LKPD contributes to the design of biology learning by providing a structured and interactive digital worksheet that facilitates problem-oriented learning and critical thinking development. The integration of contextual environmental issues within the E-LKPD supports meaningful ecosystem learning and reinforces the role of digital learning media in promoting active, analytical, and student-centered biology instruction
Copyright (c) 2025 Syifa Salsabila, Widia Astuti, Ernawati Ernawati, Maretik Maretik, Miswandi Tendrita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Descriptive Study of Waste Generation and Management in the Joint Lecture Building State University of Malang
Background: The State University of Malang has substantial potential for solid waste generation due to the high density of academic activities. Although general estimates of waste volume are available, detailed data on waste characteristics and composition within campus facilities remain limited. This study aims to quantify waste generation at the food courts of the A19 and A20 Joint Lecture Buildings, evaluate existing waste management practices, and assess the potential for recyclable waste utilization. Methodology: A quantitative descriptive approach was applied. Waste generation measurements were conducted in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard SNI 19-3964-1994 by analyzing waste production and composition over eight consecutive days. Average waste generation per seat, waste volume, and specific gravity were calculated, and waste materials were classified based on their characteristics and sources. Findings: The results indicate daily variations in waste generation, with average rates of 0.14 kg/seat/day at Food Court A19 and 0.07 kg/seat/day at Food Court A20. The dominant waste fractions were paper, plastic, and food waste, reflecting consumption patterns within the study area. Variations in waste volume were associated with fluctuations in academic activities and food service operations. Organic waste shows potential for eco-enzyme production and takakura composting, while paper and plastic waste may be managed through structured collection programs. Contribution: This study provides site-specific empirical data on waste generation rates and composition within a higher education campus, supporting data-driven improvements in campus-scale waste management strategies
Copyright (c) 2025 Imam Wijayadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Constituents of Cinnamomum burmannii (Ness & T.Nees) Blume: A Systematic Review
Background: Cinnamomum burmannii is an Indonesian native cinnamon species with significant potential for developing pharmaceutical and functional food products. Methodology: This study aims to identify and analyze the phytochemical constituents of C. Burmannii through a systematic literature review using PRISMA databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct,were searched from 2015-2025. Findings: The findings reveal that C. Burmannii contains diverse bioactive compounds, including aromatic aldehydes, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, aromatic alcohols, organic acids, and aromatic esters. Dominant compounds such as cinnamaldehyde, quercetin, catechin, and eugenol exhibit strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. Quantitative analysis shows total phenolic content ranging from 31–89 mg GAE/100 g, total flavonoid 15–80 mg QE/100 g, and total tannin 89–217 mg CE/g, with ethanol extraction yielding optimal results. Several novel pure compounds, including Burmanoside, Burmafuranic acid, Burmannic acid, and o-hydroxycinnamic acid, have been isolated and demonstrate antiproliferative and photoprotective activities. Contribution: This systematic review highlights the diversity of phytochemical constituents in C. Burmannii and emphasizes the influence of plants parts and extraction methods on phytochemicals profiles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sultan Rahwal, Yoki Permana Agung, Suci Indah Ramadani, Friardi Ismed, Nurwahidatul Arifa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
E-Modul Based on Educational Tourism at Kilo 5 Luwuk Beach: Development of Learning Material to Faster Environmental Awareness in Junior High School Student
Background: This research was initiated in response to the noticeable lack of environmental awareness among students in coastal regions, despite the area's abundant natural resources, and the absence of innovative, contextually relevant science learning tools. The research aims to develop a digital edutourism-based e-module at Kilo 5 Beach in Luwuk, designed to enhance students' conceptual understanding and foster environmental appreciation. Methodology: The research employs a Research and Development (R&D) approach, specifically the 4D development model (define, design, develop, and disseminate), though only three stages were executed: a preliminary study, design and validation by subject matter and media experts, and effectiveness testing with educators and students. Effectiveness was evaluated using pre- and post-tests, with data analyzed through the N-Gain formula and t-tests. Findings: This e-module is validated as educational resource. Expert validation confirmed the e-module's validity, with average scores exceeding 9%, indicating no revisions were needed. Practicality assessments revealed positive feedback from both teachers and students, with scores in the excellent category (above 90%), demonstrating the e-module's high practicality. The e-module's effectiveness was further evidenced by an increase in students' understanding, reflected in an N-Gain value of 0.6316 (medium category) and a significant t-test result (0.00<0.05). Contributions: This research provides empirical support for the use of educational tourism–based e-modules as contextual digital learning tools to improve environmental awareness and conceptual understanding among coastal junior high school students. It advances the 4D development framework by embedding local ecotourism contexts into science learning materials and evaluating their validity, practicality, and learning impact. The findings offer a transferable instructional approach that links formal science education with local environmental resources to support place-based and sustainability-focused learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moh. Fahri Haruna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Viability of Vanda limbata Orchid Seeds With Diferent Storage Period in Organic Tomato Extract Media
Background: Orchid propagation using seeds is very difficult to develop conventionally, because orchid seeds do not have endosperm. Research regarding the shelf life of orchid seeds is important as an effort to determine the viability/ability of orchid seeds to germinate. Propagation through tissue culture techniques with shelf life of seeds is one of the conservation and multiplication efforts of horticultural plants. This research aims to determine the germination ability of Vanda limbata orchid seeds stored for different periods of time through the development phases of Vanda limbata orchid embryos. Methodology: This research used a Completely Randomized Design with three treatments, namely fresh orchid seeds, orchid seeds stored for 1 week and orchid seeds stored for 3 weeks with each treatment having 5 replications. This research using organic tomato extract media as a natural growth regulator. Findings: The results of the research showed that V. limbata orchids planted fresh (P1) experienced growth and development until they reached phase 6 (Short Apical Meristem (SAM) was detected and were green), and during the 1 week storage period they reached phase 5 growth and development (the size of the embryo was round, enlarged and green), whereas seeds stored for 3 weeks only experienced growth and development reaching phase 3 (the embryo was round or oval, the testa was still white and had no testa). the three treatments orchid seeds that were planted directly without the seed storage process experienced faster seed germination than seeds that were stored for 1 or 3 weeks. Contribution: This research has an important contribution to ex situ orchid conservation
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Putu Yuni Astriani Dewi, Yunawati Sele, Theresia Oriyanti Luruk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Molecular Docking Test of Procoagulant Compounds in Biwa Leaves (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) Against Factor VIII Deficiency in The Genetic Disease Hemophilia-A
Background: The treatment of Hemophilia A remains chalenging, primarily the risk of inhibitor development and the high cost of recombinant Factor VIII treatment, necessitating the development of adjuvant therapeutic agents to enhance its effectiveness. This situation necessitates innovation in the form of developing adjunctive therapeutic agents aimed at improving the effectiveness and outcomes of existing therapies. Methodology: To address this need, this study was designed using an in silico virtual screening method with PyRx software and AutoDock Vina. All stages were conducted computationally, followed by molecular docking simulations to map the interactions and binding affinities between candidate compounds and the predetermined molecular target, von Willebrand factor Domain A3, in order to identify the most promising candidate compounds. Findings: The study successfully identified two compounds, namely Kaempferol and Phenolic acid, which showed the strongest interaction and the best stability profile against the von Willebrand factor A3 domain. The binding free energy (ΔG) value for Kaempferol was -7.9 kcal/mol and for Phenolic acid -4.4 kcal/mol, with a stability value (RMSD) of 0.0 Å for both compounds. The affinity value of Kaempferol is better than that of the reference compound (Coumarin, ΔG = -5.9 kcal/mol), while Phenolic Acid shows a low value. This strong binding affinity indicates the potential of both compounds in stabilizing the interaction of Factor VIII with the A3 domain of von Willebrand factor, which can support hemostatic function. These findings concluded that Kaempferol and Phenolic Acid are worthy of further development as candidate adjunct therapies for Hemophilia A. Therefore, further studies are highly recommended to validate these findings through molecular dynamics simulations, in vitro and in vivo tests to confirm the biological activity and pharmacokinetic (ADME) profile of these compounds. Contribution: This study introduces the bioactive compounds Kaempferol and Phenolic acid from biwa leaves as new candidates for modulating the A3 domain of von Willebrand factor, offering a potential and largely unexplored adjunctive strategy in Hemophilia A treatment
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahudatul Putri, Zahratul Idami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Diversity of Sub Order Rhopalocera in Langsa City Forest Park, Aceh
Background: Langsa Urban Forest Park is a protected forest area that serves as a natural habitat for various flora and fauna, both wild and cultivated. One of the organisms that can be found there is an insect from the suborder Rhopalocera, namely butterflies. Butterflies play a very important role in supporting ecosystem balance and biodiversity. This study aims to determine the diversity and dominance indices of Rhopalocera suborder (butterflies) species in Langsa City Forest Park, Aceh. The study used observation methods during the rainy season. Methodology: Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling methods across three locations with varying environmental conditions and vegetation characteristics. Sampling was conducted using sweep net techniques with insect nets at the research sites. The quantitative descriptive analysis calculated was the diversity index and species dominance of butterflies. Findings: The Rhopalocera species found in Langsa City Forest Park consisted of 41 species belonging to 5 families The dominant family found is Nymphalidae, while the dominant species found is Leptosia nina from the Pieridae family. The overall Rhopalocera diversity index (H` = 3.10) falls into the high category, and all three research sites have moderate diversity indices. The highest diversity was found at Site I (H` = 2.86), which has a variety of plant vegetation and is near a lake. Meanwhile, the lowest diversity was found at location II, which is dominated by tree vegetation. Vegetation diversity creates habitats that support butterfly species development, while homogeneous vegetation structures can limit the availability of food sources and habitats, resulting in low species diversity. The species dominance index is included in low category. The diversity of Rhopalocera (butterflies) and their habitats is crucial to preserve in efforts to conserve the Langsa City Forest Park ecosystem. Contribution: this study are expected to provide useful information for the management and conservation of the area, as well as to raise public awareness about the importance of preserving biodiversity
Copyright (c) 2025 Vira Anggrela, Abdul L. Mawardi, Sri Jayanthi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of Annona muricata Leaf Extract as a Biopesticide Against Strepsicrates sp. in Eucalyptus pellita Seedlings
Background: Industrial forest plantations, particularly Eucalyptus pellita, are widely cultivated for pulp and paper production. However, nurseries of E. pellita, including those in the R&D facilities of PT Arara Abadi, are frequently infested by pests such as Strepsicrates sp. Synthetic pesticides are commonly applied to manage these infestations, although their use may pose risks to the environment. As an alternative, botanical pesticides derived from Annona muricata leaf extract have gained attention. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of A. muricata leaf extract in controlling Strepsicrates sp. and to determine its optimal concentration for application in E. pellita nurseries. Methodology: The experiment employed a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments with five replicates. Data were analyzed using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a 5% significance level. The treatments consisted of concentrations of 10 g/L, 20 g/L, 30 g/L, and 40 g/L. Observed parameters included room temperature, relative humidity, time to initial mortality, time to 50% mortality, daily mortality rate, and total mortality. Findings: A. muricata leaf extract was effective in controlling Strepsicrates sp. on E. pellita. The results indicated that the optimal concentration was 40 g/L, resulting in the shortest initial mortality time of 5.2 hours, a median lethal time (LT₅₀) of 22.58 hours, and a total mortality rate of 100%. Contribution: The findings of this study indicate that A. muricata leaf extract at a concentration of 40 g/L has strong potential for application as an environmentally friendly, effective, and sustainable botanical pesticide, supporting integrated pest management in E. pellita nurseries and reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra’ Syafi’ah, Muhammad Mardhiansyah, Pebriandi Pebriandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Improving High School Students’ Problem-Solving Skills in Ecosystem Learning through Problem-Based Learning Supported Instructional Videos
Background: Problem-Based Learning (PBL) has been shown to enhance higher-order thinking skills; however, its implementation still predominantly relies on worksheets, printed modules, or static media, which have not comprehensively facilitated all stages of the PBL process. Preliminary observations at senior high school (SMA Negeri 1 Toari and SMA Negeri 1 Latambaga) revealed that more than 60% of students experienced difficulties in identifying problems, and only about 35% were able to systematically formulate problem-solving strategies. Methodology: A Research and Development (R&D) approach based on the ADDIE framework was adopted in this study, encompassing the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Information was obtained through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, expert validation procedures, as well as questionnaires administered to teachers and students to capture their responses. Findings: The results demonstrated that the instructional media developed in this study attained a validity index of 87.5%, which was classified as highly valid, while its practicality reached 90%, placing it within the highly practical category. Furthermore, the effectiveness analysis conducted using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test produced a significance value of 0.000 (< 0.05), thereby confirming the effectiveness of the media in enhancing students’ problem-solving abilities. Contribution: The findings indicate that the PBL-based instructional video developed in this research was both feasible and effective in improving students’ understanding of problem-solving skills. The innovative contribution of this study is reflected in the instructional design of the video, in which learners are systematically directed through each phase of the PBL framework to facilitate the development of problem-solving abilities within biology learning
Copyright (c) 2025 Putu Meta Oktviani, Sindy Pratiwi, Miswandi Tendrita, Sutriani Kaliu, Ernawati Ernawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Distribution Pattern and Population Density of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Corn Fields in the Tanggunggunung Hills, Tulungagung Regency
Background: Corn is an important commodity in Tulungagung Regency; however, infestations of Spodoptera frugiperda have caused substantial yield losses, particularly during the vegetative growth stage, with reported damage levels reaching 20–70% depending on infestation intensity. Understanding the population density and spatial distribution of this pest under local agroecosystem conditions is therefore essential for developing effective control strategies. This study aimed to analyze the population density, distribution pattern, and environmental relationships of S. frugiperda on corn plants in the hilly area of Tanggunggunung, Tulungagung Regency. Methodology: The research was conducted on corn plants aged 15 to 45 days post-planting at two distinct locations: Ngrejo Village (approximately 110 meters above sea level) and Jengglungharjo Village (approximately 145 meters above sea level), each encompassing an area of 25 square meters. A two-dimensional sampling method was employed, utilizing 10 fixed observation plots per field, with observations occurring every three days. The variables observed included pest population density, symptoms of pest attack, and abiotic environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Distribution patterns were analyzed using the Morisita index and the degree of Morisita (Ip), while the relationships between pest populations and environmental factors were examined through Pearson’s correlation analysis. Findings: The population of S. frugiperda in Ngrejo village exhibited a random distribution pattern (Id= 1.016; Ip= 0.004), whereas in Jengglungharjo village, it demonstrated a tendency towards clustering (Id = 0.211; Ip= 0.456). The density of the pest population showed a strong positive correlation with temperature (r= 0.799 to 0.702) and a negative correlation with humidity (r= −0.661 to −0.423). Contribution: Microclimatic conditions play a key role in shaping the spatial distribution and population density of S. frugiperda, highlighting the importance of site-specific, ecology-based pest management to improve corn productivity in hilly agroecosystems
Copyright (c) 2025 Tito Ridho Nugroho, Wiwin Windriyanti, Noni Rahmadhini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Xanthin Oxidase Activity of Acetone Extract from Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume. as an Antigout
Background: Cinnamomum burmannii commonly referred to as Indonesian cinnamon, belongs to the Lauraceae family and is recognized for its substantial economic and pharmacological significance. The bark is predominantly utilized as it is enriched with bioactive constituents, including cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and coumarin, which are known to exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. In purine metabolism, xanthine oxidase (XO) functions as a key enzyme by facilitating the oxidation of hypoxanthine into xanthine and subsequently into uric acid. Elevated XO activity has been associated with increased uric acid levels, leading to conditions such as hyperuricemia and gout. Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess the inhibitory potential of the acetone extract of C. burmannii against xanthine oxidase activity. Methodology: Dried and authenticated bark samples were macerated using acetone as the extraction solvent. Xanthine oxidase inhibition was evaluated invitro using a UV–Vis spectrophotometric assay at 295 nm. Various extract concentrations (0.370–23.684 µg/mL) were tested under controlled conditions (pH 7.6, 25 °C, xanthine as the substrate). The IC₅₀ values were determined by linear regression analysis, and the relative inhibitory concentration (RIC₅₀) was calculated in comparison with allopurinol. Findings: The acetone extract of C. burmannii exhibited potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ of 21.029 ppm (compared to allopurinol, IC₅₀ 2.7 ppm), demonstrating the potential of acetone as a solvent for extracting bioactive compounds, with a RIC₅₀ value of 0.13 indicating higher activity than previously reported ethanol extracts. Contribution: These findings indicate that acetone provides better selectivity in extracting compounds from C. burmannii, resulting in stronger xanthine oxidase inhibition. The acetone extract may serve as a promising natural alternative source for the development of antigout agents
Copyright (c) 2025 Yoki Permana Agung, Sultan Rahwal, Suci Indah Ramadani, Friadi Ismed, Nurwahidatul Arifa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimizing Goat Manure Rates and Liquid Organic Fertilizer Concentrations for Solanum melongena L. Physiology and Fruit Output in Surabaya, East Java
Background: Purple eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a high-value nutritional crop with significant market demand. However, production in Indonesia fluctuated between 2021 and 2023; after reaching a peak of 551,552 tons, yields dropped to 510,749 tons in 2023. This decline is largely attributed to the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers. This study aims to evaluate the interactions and effects of integrating goat manure with various liquid organic fertilizers (LOF) on purple eggplant growth. Furthermore, this research seeks to establish sustainable cultivation practices that reduce chemical dependency in horticulture. Methodology: This research followed a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the goat manure dosage at four levels: 0 g/plant (control), 500 g/plant, 750 g/plant, and 1,000 g/plant. The second factor consisted of four types of liquid applications: NPK 16:16:16 (control), eco-enzyme LOF, banana peel LOF, and cabbage waste LOF. Observation data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5% significance level where significant effects were detected. Findings: The results showed that the combined treatment of goat manure dose of 1,000 g/plant and banana peel LOF gave the best results in the parameters of plant height (46.67 cm), number of leaves (16.33 leaves), total fruit number per plant (11.72 fruits), and total harvest weight per plant (1635.94 grams) compared to other organic combination treatments. Contribution: The combination of goat manure and banana peel liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) emerged as the most effective treatment compared to other organic combinations. This organic treatment resulted in a 28% yield increase over the control. Althought this specific increase was not statistically significant, the study strongly recommends organic fertilizers as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to reduce inorganic fertilizer dependency in horticultural farming systems
Copyright (c) 2025 Difa Eka Pranoto, Nova Triani, Agus Sulistyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of BAP and 2,4-D Combination on the Callus Induction of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner) Leaf Explants
Background: Sustainable production of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is constrained by the limited availability of high-quality planting materials, while information regarding the optimal auxin–cytokinin combinations for initiating callus cultures remains insufficient. Accordingly, this study was conducted to examine the effects of combined applications of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on callus induction and subsequent growth derived from young leaf explants of Robusta coffee. Methodology: Explant cultures were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium enriched with different concentrations of 2,4-D (1, 1.5, and 2 ppm) in combination with BAP (1.5, 2, and 2.5 ppm), arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Data collection was conducted throughout a 30-day incubation period and included measurements of callus initiation time (days), callus formation percentage, callus growth intensity, and callus morphological features. The resulting data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Kruskal–Wallis test. Findings: Result describe that the treatment combining 2,4-D at 1 ppm with BAP at 1.5 ppm produced the most favorable response, as indicated by the shortest callus initiation period (7.33 DAP). In contrast, the application of 2,4-D at 1 ppm in combination with BAP at 2.5 ppm achieved a 100% callus induction rate and the highest callus growth intensity (2 on a 5-point scale), along with a compact callus exhibiting a yellowish-green coloration. Overall, these results highlight the critical influence of auxin–cytokinin equilibrium in enhancing callus induction in Robusta coffee and underscore its significance as a foundational reference for establishing an efficient in vitro propagation strategy. Contribution: In general, this study contributes to providing important technical information supporting the large-scale and sustainable production of high-quality Robusta coffee seedlings
Copyright (c) 2025 Yovita Angeline Wijaya, Ratih Restiani, Aniek Prasetyaningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Profiling and Granule Formulation of Green Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) Extract for Potential Bio-Larvicidal Application
Background: The increasing spread of Aedes aegypti as a vector of dengue disease has encouraged the exploration of safer, plant-based larvicidal materials. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical constituents of green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) extract and to develop a bio-larvicidal granule formulation as a modified dosage form. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify bioactive compounds potentially associated with larvicidal activity. Methodology: Granules were prepared using the wet granulation method, employing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a binder and lactose as a filler. The formulated granules were further evaluated through physical characterization tests, including flow rate, angle of repose, and dispersion time, to assess their suitability as a granular dosage form. Findings: The results demonstrated that all formulations exhibited acceptable flow properties, appropriate angles of repose, and rapid dispersion in water, indicating favorable handling and application characteristics. The flow rate test results showed that granules with concentration variations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% exhibited flow rates of 71.4 g/s, 62.5 g/s, 50 g/s, and 45.5 g/s, respectively. Physical evaluation demonstrated that the granules had acceptable angles of repose (31°–36°) and dispersion time (20–25 seconds). Contribution: This study was conducted as a step toward developing an environmentally safe, natural-material-based biolarvicide
Copyright (c) 2025 Meita Mahardianti, Puspa Rini Cahaya Nurani, Sekar Asri Tresnaningtyas, Suryadi Islami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of Fobio Biopesticide Concentration and Soil Sterilization Interval for Controlling Stem Rot Disease by Fusarium oxysporum in Vanilla planifolia
Background: Stem rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum is one of the major diseases affecting vanilla plants (Vanilla planifolia A.), which can cause losses of up to 100%. Current management practices rely heavily on synthetic pesticides and often lack precision, raising environmental concerns and need for sustainable disease management strategies. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Fobio biopesticide concentration and soil sterilization intervals as control methods in suppressing the development of vanilla stem rot disease. Methodology: The study was conducted in vivo in Wonosalam Village, Jombang Regency using a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with factors of Fobio biopesticide concentration (5 mL/L, 10 mL/L, and 15 mL/L) and application interval (1-week and 2-week intervals). The data were analyzed statistically using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The parameters observed included disease intensity, infection rate, and biopesticide effectiveness. Findings: The results showed that the initial disease intensity had a very significant effect on the final intensity. The treatment with an application interval of once a week reduced disease intensity to 23.89%, lower than the interval of 2-weeks (26.67%) and the control (46.66%). A concentration of 15 ml/L reduced disease intensity to 24.94%, with the highest effectiveness also obtained in the 15 ml/L treatment at 1-week intervals (50.29%). The interaction between interval and concentration was also not significant, indicating that the effect of concentration did not change depending on treatment interval. The biopesticide Fobio was found to be sufficiently effective in suppressing the development of vanilla stem rot, and applications with more frequent intervals showed the highest efficacy. Contribution: This study highlights the importance of integrating biopesticide concentration and application interval while adjusting for initial disease intensity in vanilla stem rot management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Laily, Sri Wiyatiningsih, Arika Purnawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0