Jurnal Pembelajaran dan Biologi Nukleus is a peer-reviewed journal that is published by LPPM of Universitas Labuhanbatu. This Journal publishes current original research and review in all aspects on Biology, Biology Education and related field. This journal has been accredited as SINTA-3Rd Level by Dirjen RistekDikti since December 2021. The review process employs a double-blind review, which means that both the reviewer and author identities are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa. Jurnal Pembelajaran dan Biologi Nukleus and the Publisher apply a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY - SA 4.0), and committed to provide immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Since 2024, Update Official Contact: Rivo Hasper Dimenta +62813 6223 8917
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Implementing Character Education in Biology Learning to Foster Environmental Awareness Among High School Student of SMA Negeri 20 Medan
Background: Character education is essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in shaping a principled and environmentally conscious generation. This study aims to describe the implementation of character education in biology lessons at SMA Negeri 20 Medan. Methodology: The method used is qualitative with a case study, involving biology teachers and 10th-grade students selected purposively. Data was collected through participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, then validated through triangulation of sources and methods. Findings: The results of the study indicate that character education is integrated through intraschool activities such as group prayers, laboratory experiments, discussions, and classroom cleanliness, and reinforced through extracurricular activities like Rohis. Teachers applied varied strategies, particularly Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL), effectively fostering students' environmental awareness. The impact of implementation was evident in changes in students' attitudes, such as becoming more disciplined, responsible, and environmentally conscious. Contribution: These findings align with previous research on the effectiveness of contextual learning but contribute new insights by emphasizing the integration of intraschool and extracurricular activities as a simultaneous model for character education
Copyright (c) 2025 Rifda Rifda, Sayed Akhyar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Utilization of Plants as Natural Dyes in Batik Incung of the Kerinci Community, Jambi Province, Indonesia
Background: Batik Incung, a specialty in Sungai Penuh City, is a unique product that incorporates historical Kerinci tribe motifs, flora, and fauna. The use of plants as natural dyes enhances the value of the batik. Methodology: This ethnobotanical research employs an exploratory approach and was conducted in three central villages of Incung batik production, namely Sungai Penuh, Simpang Tiga Rawang, and Penawar Village. Data were collected through interviews with four Incung Batik artisans, compleneted by field surveys and direct observations to identify the plants used as dyes. Findings: The results showed that there were 14 species of plants used by Incung Batik artisans. The plant parts used were leaves, stem bark, seeds, roots, rhizomes, fruits, and fruit peels. These plants were obtained through cultivation, either from the wild or purchased in the market. Contribution: This research documents and enriches ethnobotanical data to support the preservation of local biodiversity, particularly within the Incung batik industry. Consequently, it promotes the development of innovative batik industry grounded in local wisdom, sustainability, and eco-friendliness
Copyright (c) 2025 Tiara Tiara, Hendra Lardiman, Sari Anggraini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Android-Based Constuct 3 Educational Game Development With ADDIE Model To Improve Human Reproductive System Learning Outcomes
Background: The lack of interest and low learning outcomes of students in biology, especially in the complex and sensitive topic of the reproductive system, is the urgency of this study. Innovative media that can attract attention and suit the characteristics of the digital generation are needed. Therefore, this study aims to develop an Android-based educational game using Construct 3 on the subject of the human reproductive system for 11th grade high school students. Methodology: This research is a research and development (R&D) study using the ADDIE model, which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The instruments used include expert validation sheets, teacher and student response questionnaires, and learning outcome tests, with data analysis conducted using descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. Findings: The validation results showed that the media was highly valid, with a score of 87.5% from subject matter experts and 98.8% from media experts. The practicality test obtained a score of 92% from students and 97,5% from teachers, while effectiveness was indicated by an N-Gain value of 0.79 (high category). Contribution: These findings imply that Construct 3-assisted digital educational games are not only practical to integrate into biology learning but also effective in increasing student participation, motivation, and learning outcomes
Copyright (c) 2025 Ade Sekar Anggraini, Khairuna Khairuna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Morphochemical Composition of Soil Microplastics in Lampung Landfill Using Microscopy and FTIR Spectroscopy Method
Background: Plastic debris smaller than 5 mm is categorized as microplastic, a pollutant with persistent characteristics that often contains toxic or carcinogenic compounds. These particles can infiltrate soil systems, migrate into the food chain, and ultimately threaten both environmental integrity and human health. This research focuses on identifying the types and quantifying the abundance of microplastics in soils collected from three final disposal sites in Lampung Province, Indonesia. Methodology: Sampling at three landfill points was carried out purposive sampling method, with microplastics sample analyzed through visual inspection by microscopy and polymer composition confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Method. Findings: Landfill sites B1 and C1 exhibited the highest abundance of microplastics, reaching 195 particles per kilogram of soil. The particles displayed morphological diversity, including fragments, fibers, and films, with fragments representing the predominant category. The color distribution was largely transparent, black, and brown, while the detected particle sizes ranged from 2.12 to 110.25 μm. Polymer analysis revealed the presence of polyethylene (PE), polyamide, and polystyrene, alongside particles suspected to be polyethylene terephthalate (PET). These findings indicate that physical and chemical degradation processes accelerate the breakdown of plastics into smaller fragments, thereby contributing to elevated microplastic levels in landfill soils. Contribution: The outcomes of this research, derived from visual microscopy and FTIR Spectroscopy-based identification of microplastics in Lampung landfill soils, The findings offer essential data for the development of monitoring frameworks and risk assessment strategies related to soil and environmental risks in the region
Copyright (c) 2025 Lika Dini Almayda, Marlina Kamelia, Ade Lenty Hoya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of Ibis Paint X-Based Learning Video Media on Metamorphosis Content to Improve Students’ Understanding of Third Grade Elementary School
Background: Science learning in elementary schools often faces challenges, particularly in students' difficulty understanding the material. These difficulties stem from a lack of interest in learning due to the unappealing learning media used in class. This problem certainly requires a relevant solution. The use of engaging learning media, such as instructional videos, can be utilised in learning. These instructional videos can be developed using various platforms, one of which is Ibis Paint X. The purpose of this study is to develop educational videos as learning media for science instruction in third-grade. Methodology: The research method employed is Research and Development (R&D), utilising the ADDIE Model, which comprises five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Findings: Based on the results of the validity test, the assessment of media experts obtained (79%) with the criteria of "feasible", (80%) from material experts with the criteria of "feasible", (90%) from education experts with the criteria of "very feasible", (92%) from small trials with the criteria of "very feasible", and (92%) from large trials with the criteria of "very feasible". The pre-test score is (57%) and the post-test score is (71%); the assessment shows an increase in student understanding by (14%). Based on the research results, it is evident that there was an increase in students' understanding of the material. Furthermore, during the learning process, it was also observed that students were interested in the media presented, which made them more focused on the learning activities. Contribution: The results of this study contribute to the development of effective video-based learning media that improve third-grade students' understanding of animal metamorphosis
Copyright (c) 2025 Intan Dihni Arsika, Novanita Whindi Arini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Morphometric and Length–Weight Relationships of Three Penaeid Shrimp Species in the Waters of Jaloh Island, Batam City
Background: Understanding the relationship between body length and weight in commercially essential shrimp species is crucial for assessing growth patterns and estimating biomass. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between body length and weight in three species of shrimp, namely the whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus merguensis), whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), and tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), as a basis for fisheries management in the waters of Jaloh Island, Batam City. Methodology: The samples were collected randomly from the results, catching fishermen at three stations during a day of data collection. Morphometric measurements were conducted on 180 individual, namely whiteleg shrimp (P. merguensis), White shrimp (L. vannamei), and Tiger shrimp (P. monodon). The length-weight relationship has been analyzed for a long time using simple regression using Excel software. The connection between character morphometrics and total length was analyzed with ANCOVA using SPSS 27 software. Findings: The results showed the determinant coefficient of three species shrimp in this study indicates a very close relationship between the growth of length and weight of shrimp. In the P. monodon species, it is known that approximately 78 % of the weight gain is attributed to the increase in shrimp length, while 22 % is attributed to other factors. Characters that influence the total length of the three species are generally overall, where P. merguensis is more influenced by the tail and weight, L. vannamei by the front, back, and body mass, while P. monodon involves almost all parts of the body. Contribution: This approach helps estimate biomass, identify morphological variations between species, and provides a scientific basis in supporting efforts to manage shrimp resources sustainably
Copyright (c) 2025 Masni Masni, Fauziah Syamsi, Yarsi Efendi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Application of Humic Acid and Gypsum Enhances Soil Nutrient Availability and Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Yield in Mangrove-Derived Saline Soils
Background: This Research aims to evaluate the effect of humic acid and gypsum application on organic matter availability and the yield of tomato plants cultivated on mangrove forest soil. Methods: The research employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in factorial pattern involving two primary factors. Results: Indicate that applying humic acid (1,124 g) and gypsum (18,75 g) can significantly influence the growth, productivity, and nitrogen uptake in tomato plants. Furthermore, the combination treatments of H3G3 (humic acid 0,124 g and gypsum 18,75 g) and H3G4 (humic acid 0,124 g and gypsum 25 g) yielded the highest number of tomato fruits, at 14.33 fruits. Additionally, the highest Vitamin C content (37,84 %) was detected in tomato fruits from the 0,124 g humic acid treatment. Conclusions: The combination of humic acid and gypsum significantly improves mangrove soil conditions by reducing salinity and increasing essential macronutriens like nitrogen and phosphorus. This synergy enhances nutrient retention and uptake, while gypsum supplies calcium and sulfur to correct acidic of saline soils. As a result, it creates a more fertile environment that supports healthy tomato growth and improves both yield quality and quantity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Badriyatul Bahiro, Wanti Mindari, Moch. Arifin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Stand Structure and Degradation Level of Mangrove Vegetation in Pongkar Village, Karimun Regency, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia
Background: Mangrove ecosystems are globally significant for biodiversity, carbon storage, and coastal protection, yet they are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities. Indonesia, which hosts the world’s largest mangrove area, also experiences one of the highest degradation rates, making site-specific assessments essential. This study investigates the stand structure and degradation level of mangrove vegetation in Pongkar Village, Karimun Regency, Riau Islands Province, where ecological importance intersects with human pressures. Methodolgy: Field surveys were conducted using five 100 m transects with 10 × 10 m plots for vegetation analysis and a 1 ha plot to assess degradation levels following the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Decree No. 201/2004. Vegetation parameters, including density, frequency, dominance, and Importance Value Index (IVI), were measured. Results: Nine mangrove species were identified, comprising seven true mangroves and two associated species. Rhizophora apiculata dominated the community (density 0.078 ind/m²; IVI 121.15%). Diversity indices revealed medium diversity (H′ = 1.45–1.89), low to medium richness (Dmg = 1.28–1.78), high evenness (E = 0.81–0.86), and low dominance (D = 0.18–0.26). Stand density reached 1,181 trees/ha, classified as medium.These results suggest that ecological functions remain active, but moderate diversity and richness indicate vulnerability to disturbance and degradation risks. Contribution: The study provides empirical evidence to inform conservation planning, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring, rehabilitation of underrepresented species, and community-based management to sustain the Pongkar mangrove ecosystem
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Alfandi Hasibuan, Yarsi Efendi, Fenny Agustina, Lani Puspita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PVA/Chitosan Hydrogel with Piper betle Extract: Waterproof Design, Exudate Management, and Antibacterial Efficacy Against Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli
Background: Injuries represent a major health concern in Indonesia, with the national health survey in 2022 reporting ~9% prevalence. In 2023, >146,000 traffic accident injuries and >370,000 occupational accidents were recorded, highlighting the urgent need for affordable and effective wound care solutions, particularly in underserved areas. Methods: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–chitosan hydrogels were prepared via freeze–thaw crosslinking, incorporating Piper betle extract at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% w/w (F1–F3) alongside a control (F0). Physicochemical characterization included Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling ratio, mechanical strength, water vapor transmission rate, and water resistance. Biological performance was assessed through antimicrobial testing (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli), fibroblast cytocompatibility assays, and in vitro release studies. Each assay was conducted in triplicate (n ≥ 3), and statistical analyses applied repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman test (p < 0.05). Results: Hydrogels exhibited waterproof integrity and high exudate absorption (>400%), maintaining a moist wound environment. Antimicrobial assays showed clear inhibition zones (~15 mm) in Piper betle –loaded formulations, significantly greater than F0. Fibroblast viability exceeded 85%, confirming good cytocompatibility. In vitro release profiles demonstrated sustained bioactive release consistent with the Higuchi model. The combination of PVA–chitosan matrix and Piper betle extract produced hydrogels with stable physicochemical properties, controlled release kinetics, and potent antimicrobial activity, while remaining biocompatible. Contributions: These findings support the potential of PVA–chitosan/Piper betle hydrogels as cost-effective wound dressings. Their clinical applicability is particularly relevant in rural and resource-limited healthcare settings in Indonesia, where the burden of injury and demand for accessible wound care products remain high
Copyright (c) 2025 Manuppak Irianto Tampubolon, Natanael Priltius, Adiansyah Adiansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Characterization and Formulation of Butterfly Pea Flower Drinks (Clitoria ternatea L.) Fermented by Pineapple Peel based on Organoleptic Attributes and Gen-Z Acceptance
Background: Butterfly pea flowers (BPF) Clitoria ternatea were known as an antioxidant-rich functional drink ingredient at approximately 6.58 ppm. Various kinds of BPF drinks formulations had been consumed by the public, especially the older generation, due to their benefits. Meanwhile, the younger generation (Generation Z) was not familiar with these drinks and tended to enjoy soft drinks with sweet and fizzy flavors. This study formulated BPF with fermented pineapple peel (FPP) as an alternative to soft drinks. Methodology: Based on the SNI 01-2346-2006 standard, a total of 34 untrained Generation Z panelists were used to test organoleptic attributes (color, flavor, aroma, and sensation) using the Check-All-That-Apply approach and the hedonic test 5-point scale approach for panelist acceptability. Five formulations were used: BPF without sugar (A), with 10% sugar (B), (FPP + 10% sugar) (C), (BPF + FPP + 10% sugar) (D), and (BPF + FPP + 20% sugar) (E). Results: Based on Kruskal-Wallis with the Mann-Whitney further test for all organoleptic attributes, there were significant differences; the preferred color was formulation A, the aroma acceptability was neutral for all formulations, the preferred flavor was formulation E with a strong sweet and sour flavor, and for the sensation, formulation A was not preferred. The overall rating assessment showed that formulation E had the highest score due to strong sweet-sour flavor. Formulation E became the favorite drink of the panelist. This formulation could be a consideration for functional BPF drink innovation, which is the novelty of this study as an alternative to soft drinks with the Generation Z market share. Contribution: This study contributes scientifically by demonstrating that the combination of antioxidant-rich butterfly pea flower and fermented pineapple peel can be formulated into a functional drink with sensory attributes acceptable to Generation Z, thus bridging traditional herbal drinks with modern consumer preferences
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Rizza Pahlevi, Hani Widhianata, Hesti Kurniahu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Cellulase Enzyme Activity of Thermophilic Bacteria from Way Belerang Hot Spring, Lampung
Background: The demand for cellulase enzymes across various industries continues to rise, while most of the current supply still depends on imports. Therefore, exploring local biological resources, such as thermophilic bacteria capable of producing cellulase, is crucial. This study aims to isolate and evaluate the cellulase enzyme activity of thermophilic bacteria from the Way Belerang Hot Spring in South Lampung, Indonesia. Methodology: The research involved isolating bacteria from hot spring water samples, conducting qualitative and quantitative assays of cellulase activity, and characterizing the isolates. Findings: A total of 24 bacterial isolates were obtained, 16 of which demonstrated cellulolytic activity, as indicated by clear zones on 1% CMC agar. The two most promising isolates, S5.1 and S5.24, exhibited the highest cellulolytic indices of 2.728 and 2.395, respectively. These isolates were further tested quantitatively using a glucose standard curve to determine their enzyme activity. The highest cellulase activity for isolate S5.1 was recorded at the 10th hour with 5.1 × 10⁻² U/mL, while isolate S5.24 showed peak activity at the 14th hour with 3.1 × 10⁻² U/mL. Contribution: This study represents the first investigation of thermophilic amylase-producing bacteria from the Way Belerang Hot Spring, highlighting the potential of thermostable amylase enzymes that can withstand high temperatures for future industrial applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rismawati Hidayah, Erma Suryanti, Meezan Ardhanu Asagabaldan, Budhi Agung Prasetyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Shrimp Shell and Head Flour Formulation in Wet Noodle Products as Source of Protein and Calcium
Background: This study is the first to formulate wet noodles with combined shrimp shell and head flour of Metapenaeus monoceros, an area that has been rarely explored. These by-products were chosen for their high protein and calcium content, aiming to enhance nutrition and create value-added functional food. This study aims to investigate the impact of incorporating Penaeid shrimp skin and head flour on the protein content, calcium, and physical and organoleptic properties of wet noodles. Methodolgy: The study used a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with four treatments: F1 (0%), F2 (5%), F3 (8%), and F4 (10%). Organoleptic tests were conducted by 60 untrained panellists. Data were analysed using parametric (ANOVA) and non-parametric (Kruskal-Wallis) tests using the SPSS software. Findings: The results of the physical quality analysis revealed that the addition of flour had no significant effect on cooking loss (P > 0.05). However, they had a substantial impact on cooking time and elasticity (P < 0.05). Organoleptic tests showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on the colour, aroma, taste, and texture of wet noodles. The best formulation (F2) compared to the control formulation (F1) showed an increase in protein content from 9.44% to 10% and calcium from 305.54 mg/kg to 1281.29 mg/kg, or almost four times. Contribution: This research presents a significant innovation by demonstrating that shrimp heads and shells are not merely industrial waste but can be utilized as a functional food ingredient. Fortifying noodles with this ingredient offers the dual benefit of improving nutritional quality while supporting environmental digestion.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurfita Nurfita, Safrida Safrida, Wardah Iskandar, Muhammad Irfan Febriansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Synergistic Organic Wick and Nutrient Levels on The Morphological Performance of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) in Hydroponic Axis System
Background: Pakcoy (Brassica rapa) production in Indonesia continues to rise, reaching 635,982 tons in 2018 and 652,723 tons in 2019. Improper irrigation often causes wilting and root rot. The wick hydroponic system offers a viable alternative but is suitable mainly for crops requiring limited water. Inorganic fertilizers enhance growth and yield, their long-term use poses environmental and human health risks. Organic fertilizers provide a sustainable solution without leaving harmful residues. Optimizing pakcoy cultivation in hydroponic systems requires selecting an appropriate wick material and the optimal concentration of organic fertilizer to achieve sustainable productivity. Methodology: This research was conducted with factorial experiment using a 2-factor completely randomized design, the first factor is the fertilizer concentration treatment consisting of 4 types (N0: AB Mix 3 ml/L-control, N1: LOF 6 ml/L, N2: LOF 9 ml/L, N3: LOF 12 ml/L) and the second factor is the type of wick treatment consisting of 4 types (S0: Flannel cloth wick-control, S1: Coconut fiber wick, S2: Bamboo fiber wick, S3: Banana stem wick). If the results obtained have significant, then continue the 5% DMRT test. Findings: The combined treatment of AB Mix at 3 ml/L and a coconut fiber wick exerted a significant influence on plant height between 15 and 25 DAP (13.37 cm), as well as on several yield parameters at 30 DAP, including crown fresh weight (17.97 g), root fresh weight (3.60 g), total fresh weight (21.57 g), and weight loss (0.24 g). The coconut fiber organic wick independently produced significant effects across all observed parameters, except for the number of leaves recorded at 5 DAP. Overall, the interaction between AB Mix at 3 ml/L and the coconut fiber wick demonstrated effective in enhancing the performance of pakcoy (B. rapa L.) compared with other treatment combinations. Contribution: This study provides valuable insights into optimizing the combination of fertilizer concentration and organic wick type in wick hydroponic systems to enhance the sustainable performance growth of pakcoy while promoting the utilization of environmentally friendly local materials
Copyright (c) 2025 Shinta Hanif Nur Edditya, Nova Triani, Juli Santoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Endophytic Fungi as A Symbion in Polianthes tuberosa L.: Identification, Microscopic Observation, and Secondary Metabolite Analysis
Background: Polianthes tuberosa L. was known as an ornamental plants. People use this plant flower for ritual purpose because of the fragrant aroma. This plant rarely attacked by microorganism and usually stay healthy. Some endophytic fungi species live with P. tuberosaL. plant in mutualistic symbiosis interaction. This study was conducted to: (1) determine where the hyphae of endophytic fungi are located within the tissue of P. tuberosa L. plant petals and leaves, using findings from microscopic observations; (2) identify the species of endophytic fungi residing in the flower petals and leaves of P. tuberosa L.; and (3) ascertain the various secondary metabolites produced by each species of endophytic fungi. Methodology: P. tuberosa plant were obtained from flower market at Malang city. The leaves and flower petal parts were prepared for microscopic observation and identification. Cultures of each endophytic fungal species were grown on PDA plate medium, then cut into pieces measuring 5 x 1 cm and inoculated in PDB medium. These were shaken at a speed of 120 rpm for 7 days. After that, the liquid culture was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The contents of several secondary metabolites uses the supernatant of the liquid culture. The phytochemical analysis used spectrophotometry method. Findings: The study findings are: (1) the endophytic fungi hyphae are located in stomata neighbor cells, the walls of xylem cells, epidermal cell walls, sponsa cell walls, and also within the petal epidermis cell walls of the flower; (2) eight endophytic fungi species have been identified; (3) every species of endophytic fungi generates flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids, each with varying content levels. Contribution: Based on this research result, the endophytic fungi culture can be utilized as natural antibiotic source for better synthetic substitution. Besides that endophytic fungi also can be applied as antagonistic fungi to inhibite pathogenic fungi growth that attack some cultivated plant through appropriate research
Copyright (c) 2025 Utami Sri Hastuti, Aulia Abdini, Dela Reni Puspitasari, Rodiah Amin Hamidah, Sylvana Bilqis Labibah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Cauliflower (Larissa F1) Response to Media Composition and Liquid Organic Fertilizer under Limited Land Condition in Bogem, Sidoarjo
Background : Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) is a highly valued horticultural vegetable comodity. Previous research on the application of Jimmy Hantu LOF on cauliflower has focused on the polybag planting system with a single type of media, whereas this study focuses on the variation in planting medium composition (soil, goat dung, and burnt husks) in conjunction with LOF concentration. This method is expected to provide more thorough information regarding the interaction between growing media and liquid organic fertilizer as a strategy to boost cauliflower productivity in limited land settings. Methodology: The research was carried out at Sidoarjo, East Java. Polybags with various liquid organic fertilizer compositions and dosages were used in this research. The study used a completely randomized factorial design with two treatment factors: the kind of planting media (three treatment levels) and the concentration of liquid fertilizer (four treatment levels). Findings: There was a significant interaction between the soil composition treatment goat manure: burnt husks (1:1:1) (M2) and the content of liquid organic fertilizer 14 ml/L (P3) when compared to the control treatment. The treatment resulted in a 34.42 % difference in the height of cauliflower plants and a 44.93 % difference in the number of leaves. The results show that combination of planting medium soil: goat manure: burnt husk (1:1:1) (M2) with the application of 14 ml/L of Jimmy Hantu liquid organic fertilizer is the most successful treatment. Contribution: These findings provide scientific evidence on the synergistic effect of planting media composition and liquid organic fertilizer concentration, offering a valuable reference for optimizing sustainable B. oleracea cultivation in limited land conditions
Copyright (c) 2025 An Nisa Eka Pratiwi, Pangesti Nugrahani, Agus Sulistyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physicochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Efficacy of Toothpaste Formulations Containing Arabica Coffee Husk Ethanol Extract Against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus
Background: Coffee husk, a major by-product of the coffee industry, is rich in phenolics, chlorogenic acid, and caffeine with known antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. This study evaluated Arabica coffee husk extract as an active ingredient in herbal toothpaste formulations, focusing on stability and antibacterial efficacy. Oral health problems, particularly dental caries, remain a global concern, affecting 2.3 billion people in permanent teeth and over 530 million children in primary teeth. Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic bacterium, while Staphylococcus aureus also contributes to oral infections. Safe, effective, and natural antimicrobial agents are urgently needed for prevention. Methodology: Arabica coffee husk powder was characterized Physicochemical according to the Indonesian Materia Medica (MMI). Toothpaste formulations containing 1%, 3%, and 5% w/w ethanol extract were prepared and tested for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, and stability over three weeks at room temperature. Stability was assessed weekly by monitoring pH, viscosity, temperature, phase separation, and color changes. Antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. aureus was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. All treatment were conducted in triplicate (n = 3). Findings: Phytochemical evaluation confirmed compliance with MMI standards. All formulations remained stable in color, odor, and consistency, with no phase separation or microbial contamination. Antibacterial assays showed concentration-dependent inhibition: the 5% extract (F3) produced inhibition zones of 18.2 ± 0.5 mm against S. mutans and 15.6 ± 0.7 mm against S. aureus. The negative control (without extract) showed no inhibition, while the positive control (chlorhexidine) produced clear zones. Contribution: Arabica coffee husk extract can be formulated into stable toothpaste with significant antibacterial activity, particularly against S. mutans, supporting its potential as a sustainable natural oral care agent
Copyright (c) 2025 Natanael Priltius, Raissa Fitri, Novi Anisyah Fitrianty, Tristan Halawa, Adiansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biofertilizer Application of Rabbit Urine and Eggshell Powder Improves Purple Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Productivity Under Tropical Field Conditions
Background: Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) production in Indonesia is still low compared to the national demand of about 782,600 tons, with current production only 102,540.3 tons. To improve yields, organic fertilizers such as rabbit urine and chicken eggshells can be used, as they provide beneficial nutrients for the plants. The purpose is to determine the effects of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from rabbit urine and varying doses of chicken eggshells on the growth and yield of purple eggplant (S. melongena L.). Methodology: The research was conducted in Menganti Subdistrict, Gresik Regency. The study used a Factorial Complete Randomized block Design (CRBD) with two factors: rabbit urine concentration (10, 20, 40, 80 ml/L) and chicken eggshell doses (5, 10, 15 grams/plant), observation parameter included plant morphology, fruit yield, and the quality of the fruit. ANOVA was used to analys the data. Findings: The results showed that there was no significant interaction between the two treatments on any observed parameters. The single-factor treatment of chicken eggshell dose had a highly significant effect on both vegetative and generative growth, with an optimal dose of 10 grams per plant. Meanwhile, the single-factor treatment of rabbit urine concentration had no significant effect; however, concentrations of 10–20 ml/L showed a tendency to increase plant yield. The highest fruit set percentage, 69.61%, was obtained from the combination treatment of 10 ml/L rabbit urine and 10 grams/plant chicken eggshell. Contribution: The combination of Rabbit urine and eggshell effective as a an promising biofertilizer for the optimum growth and yield of eggplant
Copyright (c) 2025 Yohanes Ferry Fernanda, Ramdan Hidayat, Didik Utomo Pribadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sustainability of Durian Agroforestry in the Selat Area, Jambi: Population Structure and Management Challenges in a Changing Landscape
Background: Agroforestry systems integrate agricultural production with environmental conservation, particularly in tropical regions. Although durian-based agroforestry practices have long been established in Jambi, comprehensive studies on their ecological structure, contribution to biodiversity, and sustainability strategies remain limited. This study aims to analyze the population structure of durian trees, agroforestry patterns, biodiversity, as well as the challenges and sustainability strategies of the system. Methodology: Data were collected through vegetation analysis and in-depth interviews conducted in durian agroforestry areas in Selat, Jambi Province. Findings: The results show that agroforestry systems in this region are dominated by old durian trees that have strong associations with other species such as Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum), Duku (Lansium domesticum), and Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). Contribution: This research contributes to biodiversity conservation by providing habitats for local flora and fauna and maintaining ecosystem balance. However, the sustainability of this system faces significant challenges, including land conversion due to population pressure, oil palm plantation expansion, declining durian productivity, and the emergence of the “tasteless durian” phenomenon that reduces fruit quality. Therefore, management strategies focusing on species diversification, tree rejuvenation, and innovations in cultivation technology are essential to sustain durian agroforestry and improve community welfare, particularly in the Selat region
Copyright (c) 2025 Bambang Hariyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing Student Scientific Literacy on Competence Aspect Through Flipchart Media: A Development Study on Human Respiratory System Learning
Background: The level of science literacy among junior high school students regarding the human respiratory system remains low, as abstract concepts are difficult to grasp due to the limited learning media provided by teachers. This study aims to develop science literacy-based flipchart media to improve the scientific competence of eighth-grade students at MTsS Al-Washliyah Sei Langgei. Methodology: Using the Research and Development (R&D) framework, the study followed the 4D sequence of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. Subject and media experts, science educators, and 24 students from seventh grade participated in this research. Data collected through expert validation forms, teacher and student practicality questionnaires, and pretest–posttest assessments. The data were analyzed quantitatively through validation percentages and N-Gain to assess effectiveness, as well as qualitatively through descriptive narratives of the comments and suggestions of experts and teachers. Findings: The results showed that the flipchart was highly valid (subject matter experts 96.43%; media experts 98.44%), highly practical (teachers 96.59%; students 98.13%), and effective (N-Gain 0.71). Contribution: These findings confirm that science literacy-based flipcharts are effective in improving students' conceptual understanding and scientific skills, facilitate teachers in delivering material, and can be used as an alternative medium and reference for the development of other science learning media
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanifa Mawaddah, Rasyidah Rasyidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Utilization of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) as a Bacterial Growth Medium Supporting Microbiology Laboratory Independence Based on Local Papuan Food Resources
Background: In universities, the availability of bacterial growth media, which is typically synthetic media such as Nutrient Agar (NA), is extremely important for microbiology practicum activities. Nevertheless, in eastern Indonesia, such as Papua, the high cost of commercial media, the reliance on distribution from outside the region, and the limited budget and laboratory facilities frequently present obstacles to access. Currently, there is a significant lack of research on the use of Papuan local food resources as an alternative medium for bacterial growth. Consequently, further research is required to address this gap. The objective of this investigation is to investigate the potential of taro (Colocasia esculenta), a local source of Papuan carbohydrates, as the foundation for the development of an alternative medium for the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. This is due to the amylose content of 20–25% and amylopectin of 75–80%, which have the potential to serve as an energy source for bacteria. Method: The media was made from taro extract formulated with the addition of agar, glucose, and MSG, then sterilized and inoculated with E. Coli bacteria. The data were analyzed using the parameters of the number of colonies (CFU/mL) with the ALT calculation standard, as well as a descriptive comparison between the control medium (NA) and the taro media. Results: The Taro alternative media is capable of supporting bacterial growth at a rate of 8.3 × 10⁶ CFU/mL, which is approximately 75.5% of the NA media's capacity of 11 × 106 CFU/mL. Although the color of the colonies differs slightly, the morphological characteristics of colonies growing in alternative media are similar to those of colonies in NA media in terms of shape, elevation, size, and edges. Conclusions: These findings indicate that taro has significant potential as a substitute for microbiological media that is based on local resources. Not only does the utilization of this medium offer practical and cost-effective solutions for laboratory activities, but it also promotes educational independence and innovation that are rooted in local knowledge in restricted regions. The implications of this research provide opportunities for laboratory independence in the 3T area and promote the utilization of local wisdom for sustainable microbiology research and education
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarima Sarima, Makmum Ashari, Rimba Lukas Kiding, Estervina Ribka Ance Yoku https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Population Structure and Anthropogenic Pressure of Sea Urchin Utilisation (Diadema setosum) on Shallow Coral Reefs of Dedap Island, Batam
Background: Diadema setosum is a key species in maintaining coral reef stability through its role in controlling algal growth. However, exploitation for consumption and trade of its gonads by coastal communities has generated anthropogenic pressures that threaten population sustainability. This study aims to assess the population structure and utilisation pressure on D. setosum in the shallow coral ecosystem of Dedap Island, Batam City. Methodology: Observations were carried out at five stations using a 50-metre belt transect method with 5×5 m quadrat plots. Data were analysed through descriptive statistics to determine density and distribution, while correlation and regression analyses were applied to examine the influence of environmental parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and pH). Structured quantitative interviews with local fishermen were conducted to obtain information on harvesting practices. Results: The population density ranged from 0.180 to 0.292 ind/m², with a clustered distribution pattern observed at stations farther from human activity. Regression results indicated that temperature significantly increased density, while dissolved oxygen and pH had significant negative effects. Fishermen reported daily harvesting during low tide with yields of 2–3 kg of gonads per person. These findings demonstrate exploitation pressure on D. setosum, underscoring the need for ecosystem-based management. Contribution: The novelty of this study lies in integrating ecological surveys with socio-economic data, offering comprehensive insights for locally adapted conservation strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pitrin Octca Manihuruk, Yarsi Efendi, Fauziah Syamsi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of Flower Morphology E-Module Based on Tretes Waterfall Biodiversity to Improve Botanical Literacy And Communication Skills
Background: Botanical literacy and communication skills are critical 21st-century competencies, yet they remain underdeveloped among Biology Education students. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating a flower morphology e-module that integrates local potential from the Raden Soerjo Natural Park. Methodology: Following the Lee & Owens development model, data were collected from 3 expert validators and students in one-to-one (n=3), small group (n=10), and field trials (n=32) using Likert scales, essay questions, and observation sheets. Findings: The e-module was rated "very valid" by experts (96.52% average) and "very practical" in student trials (86 - 89% average). A one-way ANCOVA test confirmed its effectiveness, showing a statistically significant and substantial increase in botanical literacy (80% average) and communication skills (78% average) in the experimental class over the control class. Contribution: This study contributes a validated and effective e-module that uniquely integrates local potential, offering a significant practical implication for the biology curriculum by providing educators with a resource to enhance student competencies through contextualized, self-directed learning
Copyright (c) 2025 Amalia Shaleha Putri, Sulisetijono Sulisetijono, Ibrohim Ibrohim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Efficiency of Biochar and Bacillus sp. in The Remediation of Cadmium (Cd) Contaminated Soil
Background: Soil contamination occurs when chemical produced by humans pollute and alter the natural conditions of the soil. Contamination caused by heavy metals is very dangerous and can cause harm to the life of organisms through the food chain. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of biochar and Bacillus sp in reducing Cd heavy metal levels. This study used contaminated soil with Cd levels of 2.59 ppm, pH 7.52, C-organic 1.30%, and CEC 18.35 Cmol/kg. Methodology: The research method used a factorial randomized block design with 2 treatment factors, each consisting of 3 levels: the first factor is biochar dosage, comprising B0 (without biochar), B1 (biochar 20 tons/ha, and B2 (biochar 40 tons/ha) and the second factor is bacterial concentration, comprising C0 (without Bacillus sp), C1 (Bacillus concentration 105), as well as C2 (Bacillus concentration 108). Further analysis if there are different ANOVA results, the BNJ 5% Test will be performed. Findings: the results showed that the combination of biochar 40 tons/ha with bacillus 105 (B2C1) was able to reduce Cd heavy metal levels by 52% over a 4-week incubation period, in addition to reducing heavy metal levels, it also increased soil pH. Cations that are on the surface of the biochar will exchange ions with heavy metals in the soil. Carboxyl –COOH functional groups found in biochar can be released as H+ ions, forming complexes with heavy metal ions and heavy metal ions will be bind to the surface of Bacillus sp. cells containing carboxyl groups, renderingthe the heavy metals unavailable. Contribution: this study reveals the combination of biochar and Bacillus, where biochar provides an optimal microbial habitat, thuereby increasing remediation efficiency. In addition to knowing the interaction between organic materials with heavy metals and the development of natural and sustainable remediation
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Aini Ahaddiyah, Rossyda Priyadarshini, Bakti Wisnu Widjajani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Slidesgo Assisted Interactive Media Development to Enhance Motivation in Technology Learning for Fifth Grade Students in Elementary school
Background: The lack of motivation to learn of students can make the learning process in grade V of elementary school hampered. Low motivation to learn can be seen from the lack of enthusiasm from students and quickly feeling bored when learning in class and the learning media used by teachers are considered uninteresting or monotonous. Methodology: The method used in this study is Research and Development (RnD) with the ADDIE (Analyse, Design, Development, Implementational, Evaluation) model. This research was conducted at 3 elementary school such as SDN Balimester 01 AM, SDN Balimester 06 AM and SDN Rawa Bunga 11 AM. Results: The results of the assessment obtained from the Expert Lecturers include: 1) Media experts give a validation assessment of 72 % or "Feasible", 2) Subject matter experts give a validation assessment of 84 % or "Very Feasible", and 3) Linguists give a validation assessment of 70 % or "Feasible". The results of the use of media in increasing learning motivation were also seen in students in the small group test with data of 86.24 % (Sd Bm 01 am) and the large group test with data obtained of 89.30 % (Sd Bm 06 Morning) and 90.37 % (Sd Rb 11 Morning). Thus, it can be concluded that Interactive Media assisted by the Slidesgo Platform is very suitable for use as a learning medium that can also increase students' motivation to learn. Contribution: this study shwon that the Slidesgo platform has a significant impact on increasing the learning motivation of fifth-grade elementary school students
Copyright (c) 2025 Nuriyah Salsyabila, Zulherman Zulherman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploration of Community Structure and Density of Sea Cucumbers (Holothuroidea) in the Tropical Waters of Abang Island, Batam
Background: Coral reef ecosystems in tropical waters are highly productive and biodiverse, with sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) serving essential ecological functions as detritivores, contributing to nutrient cycling, sediment bioturbation, and substrate quality. Despite their ecological and economic significance, data on the community structure and density of sea cucumbers in Abang Island remain scarce. This study aimed to assess the species composition, density, and ecological patterns of Holothuroidea in the tropical waters of Abang Island, Batam. Methodology: Field surveys were conducted using a transect-quadrat method, with environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen) measured in situ. Findings: Five species were recorded: Holothuria leucospilota, H. atra, H. scabra, H. fuscocinerea, and H. pardalis. Species composition was dominated by H. leucospilota at Station 1 and H. fuscocinerea at Station 2. The highest density was 0.130 ind/m² for H. leucospilota at Station 1, and 0.150 ind/m² for H. fuscocinerea at Station 2. Community analysis showed greater diversity at Station 1 (H′ = 1.07) but higher dominance at Station 2 (D = 0.691). Pearson correlation indicated that salinity and temperature were the most influential factors affecting abundance, varying by habitat type. These results suggest that habitat characteristics, particularly substrate and vegetation, shape species distribution in small island ecosystems. Contribution: This study provides the first baseline data on sea cucumbers in Abang Island, offering novel insights into the linkage between environmental parameters and species-specific distribution patterns, and supporting conservation and sustainable management of these ecologically and economically valuable resources
Copyright (c) 2025 Yulia Savitri, Yarsi Efendi, Fauziah Syamsi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phytopharmaceutical Approach in the Development of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Ointment for Inflammation and Pain Management
Background: Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is a variant of Z. officinale distinguished by its elevated levels of phenolic compounds—particularly gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone—that exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Topical formulations enable localized drug delivery, reducing systemic exposure and minimizing adverse effects commonly associated with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methodology: Dried red ginger rhizomes were powdered and extracted with 70% ethanol via maceration. The concentrated extract was incorporated into a white soft paraffin–lanolin base to produce ointments containing 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w extract. The formulations were assessed for physicochemical stability, including organoleptic characteristics, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and homogeneity. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in Wistar rats (n = 6 per group), with blank base and diclofenac sodium ointment (1% w/w) serving as negative and positive controls, respectively. Findings: All ointments exhibited stable physicochemical properties within pharmacopeial acceptance limits (pH 5.2–5.9; spreadability 5.6–6.4 cm; adhesion >1 s). In vivo, red ginger ointments significantly reduced paw edema in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The 15% formulation achieved 60.8% inhibition (0.47 ± 0.05 mL at 5 h), comparable to diclofenac ointment (0.48 ± 0.06 mL; p = 0.71). Contribution: The study establishes that red ginger retains pharmacological activity when formulated into a topical base, confirming its potential as a stable, safe, and effective phytopharmaceutical for localized inflammation management. These findings support further preclinical and clinical studies toward its development as a natural alternative to synthetic topical NSAIDs
Copyright (c) 2025 Raissa Fitri, Grace Anastasia Br Ginting, Fanny Asdian, Destina Karinia Siahaan, Sulistia Nurfadilla, Adiansyah Adiansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrating STEM Approach through a Student Worksheet to Strengthen Problem-Solving on the Excretory System Learning
Background: The 2022 PISA assessment reveals that Indonesian students demonstrate considerably weak science problem-solving abilities, achieving merely 383 points compared to the OECD's 485-point benchmark, with this deficiency particularly pronounced in biology education where learners encounter difficulties comprehending and contextualizing concepts such as the excretory system in practical scenarios. Methodology: Employing a 4D developmental framework (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate) truncated at the Develop phase, this investigation created a STEM-integrated student worksheet designed to strengthen problem-solving competencies among eleventh-grade pupils, utilizing expert validation, stakeholder feedback surveys, and pre-post assessment protocols analyzed through percentage calculations, N-Gain coefficients, and paired-samples t-testing. Findings: The intervention demonstrated exceptional validity with 90% expert approval ratings across content and pedagogical dimensions, exhibited strong practicality reflected in 88.71% positive educator-student reception, and yielded statistically significant learning gains as evidenced by paired t-test results (p < 0.05) alongside a substantial N-Gain value of 0.75. Contribution: This study provides specific empirical evidence that a STEM-integrated student worksheet, developed through an adapted 4D model, effectively strengthens eleventh-grade students’ science problem-solving abilities in the excretory system Learning. The results further contribute to the field by establishing this worksheet as a valid, practical, and statistically proven instructional alternative that aligns with competency-based demands and improves analytical reasoning more effectively than conventional learning materials
Copyright (c) 2025 Deva Herdina Saragih, Ummi Nur Afinni Dwi Jayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment of Mixed Cultivation Substrate (Burnt Husk-Sawdust-Bagasse) and NPK Fertilizer on Growth Performance of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Background: Oyster mushroom cultivation generally uses sawdust as the primary rowin medium. Limited availability and fluctuating prices require innovation for mushroom planting media. The use of bagasse and burnt husk waste as an alternative medium in an effort to maximize abundant but underutilized agroindustrial resources has the potential to become a medium for growing oyster mushrooms, as the cellulose and lignocellulose content can support optimal mycelium growth. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of using burnt husk as planting media, bagasse, and NPK fertilizer on the growth of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Methodology: This study employed a factorial Group Random Design method, consisting of two factors: the combination factor of substrate media (M) and NPK fertilizer dosage (N). The observed parameters included mycelial growth, cap dimeter and fresh weight of the mushroom. Data were analyzed by using Analisys of Variance (ANOVA) with SPSS v.25. Findings: The results of the data analysis showed the optimization of fungal growth in a combination of 1000 gr of sawdust and 80 gr burnt husk without the addition of NPK fertilizer with f calculated > f table (7.08>3.63). The ANOVA test confirmed that NPK fertilizer did not have a significant effect on the quality of mushrooms, possibly even negatively, because NPK creates nutrient-rich conditions that favor competing microorganisms that develop faster than oyster mushrooms. The combination of burnt husk and sawdust without NPK (M1N0) resulted in the highest mycelial growth, reaching 21.3 cm, while the lowest growth was observed in the sawdust and bagasse media with the addition of NPK (15 g) (M2N1), which was 16 cm. Meanwhile, the highest cap diameter was obtained in the Sugarcane bagasse and sawdust media without NPK (M2N0), with an average value of 8 cm. In contrast, the lowest diameter was observed in the bagasse media with an NPK of 20 g (M2N2), which was 5 cm. Contribution: This research confirms that burnt husk and sugarcane bagasse substrates, without NPK fertilizer, can serve as an effective and environmentally friendly alternative medium for oyster mushroom cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muthmainnah Muthmainnah, M. Idris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0