Indonesia issued a policy prohibiting the export of nickel ore with a grade <1.7% in Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 11/2019, but this policy gave rise to a lawsuit from the European Union at the WTO. The aim of this research is to find the implementation of the adoption of the WTO concept in the Indonesian legal system and answer dispute resolution between Indonesia and the European Union regarding the policy of banning Indonesian nickel ore exports as an effort to protect natural resources based on GATT/WTO rules and principles. This research uses a normative method using a case approach, statutory approach and conceptual approach. The research results show that the ban on nickel ore exports is Indonesia's effort to protect its natural resources, despite legal challenges from the European Union. The implementation of the GATT/WTO concept in Indonesian policy shows a balance between international obligations and national interests in managing natural resources. This dispute also highlights the importance of appropriate legal strategies in safeguarding state sovereignty within the WTO framework.

Book

Adolf, Huala. Hukum Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2004.

———. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional. PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, 2005.

———. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional (GATT): Persetujuan Umum Mengenai Tarif Dan Perdagangan. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Iblam, 2005.

Chandrawulan, An An. Hukum Perusahaan Multinasional, Liberalisasi Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, Dan Hukum Penanaman Modal. Bandung: Penerbit P.T. Alumni, 2011.

Sood, Muhammad. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional. Cetakan ke. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, 2011.

Wiranata, I Gede AB. Dumping Dalam Perdagangan Internasional. Lampung: Aura, 2024.

———. Penelusuran Literatur & Praktiknya Dalam Penelitian. Lampung: Aura, 2019.

Journal

Christiningrum, Ratna. “Dampak Pelarangan Ekspor Sawit Ke Uni Eropa.” Buletin APBN Pusat Kajian Anggaran Badan Keahlian DPR RI III, no. 2 (2018): 3–8.

Hassanah, Nur Farra Ai’n. “Kajian Yuridis Perjanjian Perdagangan Internasional Terkait Aturan Pembatasan Dan Larangan Ekspor Oleh World Trade Organization (Wto) (Studi Perjanjian Antara Indonesia Dan Uni Eropa).” Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum (Jimhum) 1, no. 4 (2021): 1–12. https://jurnalmahasiswa.umsu.ac.id/index.php/jimhum/article/view/925/971.

Hutabarat, Grace. “Sengketa Ekspor Nikel Indonesia Dengan Uni Eropa Di World Trade Organization.” Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional LINO 3, no. 2 (2023): 116–22. https://doi.org/10.31605/lino.v3i2.2896.

Melatyugra, Ninon. “Perjanjian Internasional Dalam Hukum Nasional: Perbandingan Praktik Negara Indonesia, Inggris, Dan Afrika Selatan.” Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 2 (2018): 193–206. https://doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2018.v2.i2.p193-206.

Putra, Akbar Kurnia. “Agreement on Agriculture Dalam World Trade Organizations.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 46, no. 1 (2016): 90. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol46.no1.37.

Syafira, Anisa Dewi, Chikal Marlina Putri, Ekawati Widyaningsih, and Putri Kusumawijaya. “Analisis Peluang, Tantangan, Dan Dampak Larangan Ekspor Nikel Terhadap Perdagangan Internasional Di Tengah Gugatan Uni Eropa Di Wto.” Jurnal Economina 2, no. 1 (2023): 1125–35. https://doi.org/10.55681/economina.v2i1.258.

Website

DPR. “Teori Ricardian,” n.d. https://berkas.dpr.go.id/pa3kn/kamus/file/kamus-314.pdf.

Satu Data Perdagangan Kemendag RI. “Perkembangan Ekspor Non-Migas (Komoditi) Perdagangan Luar Negeri,” 2024. https://satudata.kemendag.go.id/data-informasi/perdagangan-luar-negeri/ekspor-non-migas-komoditi.

USGS. “NICKEL (Data in Metric Tons, Nickel Content, Unless Otherwise Specified),” 2024. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-nickel.pdf.

———. “NICKEL (Data in Metric Tons of Contained Nickel Unless Otherwise Noted).” https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-nickel.pdf, 2022. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-nickel.pdf.

World Trade Organization. “DS480:European Union-Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Indonesia,” 2018. https://www.wto.org./english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds480_e.htm.

———. “DS592:Indonesia Measures Relating to Raw Materials,” 2022. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds592_e.htm.