DEPORTASI ANAK DALAM KONFLIK RUSIA–UKRAINA: ANALISIS PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN HUKUM SEBAGAI KEJAHATAN PERANG

Levis Yoal

Abstract


This study examines the legal accountability for the deportation of children in the Russia–Ukraine armed conflict, which has been recognized as a war crime under international law. Reports indicate that 16,000 to 19,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly deported to Russia. Using a doctrinal legal method with a statute and literature approach, this research analyzes the responsibility of both the state and individuals. At the state level, accountability is based on the Geneva Convention IV of 1949 and the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, which obligate states to provide restitution, compensation, or satisfaction for internationally wrongful acts. Sanctions imposed by other states may include trade embargoes, investment restrictions, and asset freezes. At the individual level, international criminal law, particularly Article 25 of the Rome Statute, holds leaders personally accountable for direct or indirect involvement in war crimes, as exemplified in past prosecutions of Omar Al-Bashir, Slobodan Milosevic, and Jean Paul Akayesu. The findings emphasize that deportation of children in the Russia–Ukraine conflict constitutes both state and individual responsibility, requiring effective international enforcement to ensure justice and deterrence.

Keywords: Child Deportation; Individual Responsibility; State Responsibility; Russia–Ukraine

References


Buku

D.W. Greig, International Law, Butterworth, London, 1976.

Dyah Ochtorina Susanti dan Alan Efendi, Penelitian Hukum (Legal Research), Jakarta; Sinar Grafika, 2015.

IDG Palguna, Hukum Internasional; Aspek-Aspek Teoritik dan Penerapannya, Rajawali Pers, Depok, 2019

Jawahir Thontowi dan Pranoto Iskandar, 2006, Hukum Internasional Kontemporer, PT. Refika Aditama, Bandung.

Prakoso Djoko, Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana di Indonesia, Liberty, Yogyakarta, 1987.

Yustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi, Kejahatan Perang dalam Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Nasional, Jakarta; PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2013,

Peraturan

Konvensi Jenewa Ke-IV Tahun 1949 tentang perlindungan warga sipil selama masa perang.

Konvensi Hak Anak (KHA) atau United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN-CRC) Tahun 1989.

Protokol Tambahan I Konvensi Jenewa Ke-IV tahun 1949.

Rule 129. The Act of Displacement. Aturan tentang tindakan pengusiran atau pemindahan yang menyatakan bahwa dalam konflik bersenjata non-internasional, evakuasi tidak dapat melibatkan pemindahan ke luar wilayah nasional.

Statuta Roma Tahun 1998 tentang Mahkamah Pidana Internasional.

Jurnal

Pricilla Fitri, Perlindungan Anak sebagai Tentara Anak menurut Hukum Humaniter pada Kasus Perekrutan Anak dalam Konflik Ituri di Republik Demokratik Kongo, Jurnal Hukum Humaniter – Vol. 3 No. 5 Oktober 2007, hlm. 18. Dilihat pada Jurnal; Perlindungan Anak Korban Perekrutan Tentara Anak (Child Soldier) Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Ditinjau Dari Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Oleh; Nadya Agatha dkk.

Septianto H. Rendy, ‘Keberlakuan Statuta Roma 1998 Pada Negara Yang Belum Meratifikasi (Studi Kasus Presiden Sudan Omar Hassan Al Bashir)’ (Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, 2010).

Vonny A Wongkar, 2006, ‘Tanggung Jawab Komando terhadap Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) yang berat dan Kejahatan Perang dalam Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana di Indonesia’, Jurnal Law Reform, Vol 2 No. 1, hal. 17.

Website

Article 25 Rome Statute, dilihat pada, https;//www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/rome-statute-international-criminal-court.

Article 30, Draft Article on Responsibility of States. Dilihat Pada https;//www.refworld.org/legal/otherinstr/ilc/2001/en/20951.

Bhatara Ibnu Reza,2003, “Pertanggungjawaban Komando”, https;//www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/hol8112/pertanggungjawabankomando?page=2 diakses pada 22 Desember 2021. Lihat juga Case No. ICTR-96-4-T.

Case No. ICTR-96-4-T. Akayesu dimintai pertanggungjawaban karena menggunakan kekerasan dalam modus operandi-nya dengan menghasut penduduk kota untuk melakukan pembunuhan, penyiksaan dan pemerkosaan.

Ganti Rugi Budak Seks Tentara Jepang (https;//www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-42489109).

Pasal 85 ayat (4) a Protokol Tambahan I Konvensi Jenewa Tahun 1977. lihat pada International Humanitarian Law (https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-85).

Rule 129. The Act of Displacement. (A). Lihat pada Cambrige.org (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/customary-international-humanitarian-law/displacement-and-displaced-persons-rules-129133/EA6003FCAA584631EB9FF2E45906D2A5

Siaran Pers; 17 Maret 2023. Oleh International Criminal Court. (https;//www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and).

Voa Indonesia 08/03/2023 (https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/cek-fakta-putin-samarkan-praktik-deportasi-paksa-anak-anak-ukraina-sebagai-program-kemanusiaan/6981153.html).




DOI: https://doi.org/10.36987/jiad.v13i3.6427

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