The increasing tension between Indonesia and China in the South China Sea (SCS), particularly around Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), necessitates an in-depth legal analysis of state responses to foreign violations of sovereign rights. This study aims to identify China’s maneuvers and examine the Indonesian government’s response to these actions in the North Natuna Sea (NNS). This is a normative legal research employing an international legal approach. Data were collected through literature review and analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that China has conducted systematic and continuous maneuvers in the North Natuna Sea. As a coastal state, Indonesia holds sovereign rights in its EEZ; therefore, in response to any violations by other countries that threaten these rights, the Indonesian government may enforce legal measures and formulate strategic policies to defend and protect the area through diplomacy and maritime defense.

Buku

Arifin, Saru. Hukum Perbatasan Darat Antar negara. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2014.

Soekanto, Soerjono, dan Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Hukum Normatif: Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2009.

Peraturan Perundang-Undangan

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).

Jurnal

Andriliani, Saskia Nursukma, dan Irwan Triadi. “Konflik Kedaulatan Laut Natuna Indonesia dengan China Selatan dalam Perspektif Hukum dan Pendekatan Kemiliteran di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum, Kebijakan Publik, dan Pemerintahan 2, no. 1 (2025): 198–204. https://doi.org/10.62383/desentralisasi.v2i1.431.

Arif, Muhammad, Arie Afriansyah, Tangguh Chairil, dan Gita Ardi Lestari. “Grey Zone Conflict in the South China Sea: The Challenges for Indonesian Maritime Security Governance.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 46, no. 3 (2024): 407–34. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27352210.

Aulawi, Muhamad Haris, dan Yodia Adriatami Edwina. “Sengketa Laut China Selatan yang Bersinggungan Dengan Zona Ekonomi Ekslusif Indonesia di Utara Kepulauan Natuna, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau.” Mimbar Keadilan 16, no. 1 (2023): 14.

Guilfoyle, Douglas, dan Edward Sing Yue Chan. “Lawships or Warships? Coast Guards as Agents of (in)Stability in the Pacific and South and East China Sea.” Marine Policy 140 (Juni 2022): 105048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105048.

Hudianto, Adnan. “Appeasement China Terhadap Indonesia Atas Percobaan Penegakan Klaim Di Zee Natuna (Kasus Desember 2019 - Januari 2020).” Jurnal Studi Diplomasi Dan Keamanan 13, no. 1 (26 Januari 2021). https://doi.org/10.31315/jsdk.v13i1.4363.

Indonesia Ocean Justice Initiative. “Dugaan Pelanggaran Kelautan dan Hak Berdaulat Indonesia oleh Kapal-Kapal Riset Tiongkok,” 2021.

———. “Penguatan Keamanan Laut Natuna Utara Untuk Menjaga Hak Berdaulat Indonesia.” Policy Brief. Jakarta, 2020. https://oceanjusticeinitiative.org/.

Irgi Mukramin Paisal dan Agussalim Burhanuddin.“Latihan Super Garuda Shield dalam Perspektif Balance of Power di Indo-Pasifik.” Konsensus: Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Hukum dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2, no. 3 (17 Juni 2025): 154–62. https://doi.org/10.62383/konsensus.v2i3.841.

Jaya, Belardo Prasetya Mega, Afandi Sitamala, dan Danial. “State Exclusivity of Fisheries Resources on Exclusive Economic Zone in Efforts to Support the Fisheries Availability as a Means of Increasing Food Security for the State:,” Vol. 9. Banten: Advances in Biological Science Research, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210304.039.

Luh Gde Citra Sundari Laksmi, Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku, dan Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini. “Peran Indonesia Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional di Laut Cina Selatan.” Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia 5, no. 2 (24 Oktober 2022): 225–42. https://doi.org/10.23887/jatayu.v5i2.51616.

Maatiri, Oktriyanto, Djoly A. Sualang, dan Thor Bangsaradja Sinaga. “Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Sengketa Laut Natuna Antara Indonesia dan Cina.” Lex Administratum XII, no. 5 (2023): 1–15.

Majumdar, Munmun. “Beijing Raising the Ante in the Natunas: The Next Flash Point in the South China Sea?” India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 77, no. 3 (September 2021): 462–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/09749284211027249.

Mega Jaya, Belardo Prasetya, Agus Prihartono Permana Sidiq, dan Nuryati Solapari. “Republic of Indonesia Sovereign Right in North Natuna Sea According to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982.” Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 16, no. 1 (2 Januari 2024): 127–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2023.2206261.

Nuans Asa Septari B., Gistyger Hasudungan Manullang, Aura Fatimah Azzahra S., Bernadine Grace Alvania M., dan Gracella Martauli Lumbantoruan. “Respon Indonesia Menghadapi Ancaman Cina di Laut Natuna Utara di Masa Kepemimpinan Presiden Joko Widodo.” Jurnal Lemhannas RI 10, no. 1 (19 Agustus 2022): 10–18. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v10i1.267.

Papadakis, Nikos. The International Legal Regime of Artificial Islands. Leyden: Sijthoff, 1977.

Purba, Jessica Angelina Anggraeni, dan Agussalim Burhanuddin. “Encourage From Fear: Perubahan Nama Laut Natuna Utara Sebagai Upaya Indonesia Dalam Mempertahankan Kedaulatan Negara.” Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 2, no. 6 (7 November 2023): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.56127/jukim.v2i6.987

Raharjo, Sandy Nur Ikfal. “Peran Indonesia dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Laut Tiongkok Selatan.” Journal of Political Research 11, no. 2 (2025): 16. https://ejournal.brin.go.id/jpp/article/view/10928.

REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT: Navigating Maritime Chokepoints. NEW YORK: UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIO, 2024.

Rusydi, Muhammad Raditya, dan Emil Radhiansyah. “Efek Latihan Super Garuda Shield terhadap Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia.” Jurnal Keamanan Nasional 10, no. 1 (31 Juli 2024): 39–78. https://doi.org/10.31599/40ms3d26.

Ruyat, Yayat. “Peran Indonesia dalam Menjaga Wilayah Laut Natuna dan Menyelesaikan Konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan,” Jurnal Lemhannas RI 5, no. 1 (2020): 65–75.

The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of Philippines v. The People’s Republic of China) (Permanent Court of Arbitration 12 Juli 2016).

Website

Antaranews.com. “Diplomasi dan kedaulatan di Laut China Selatan.” Antara News, 16 November 2024. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4471313/diplomasi-dan-kedaulatan-di-laut-china-selatan.

BBC News Indonesia. “Kapal perang TNI AL usir kapal Penjaga Pantai China di perairan Natuna, China klaim zona ekonomi eksklusif,” 1 Januari 2020. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-50966528.

Chang, Felix K. “Indonesia’s New Military Bases in the South China Sea: Preparing for Friction.” Foreign Policy Research Institute (blog), 2024. https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/07/indonesias-new-military-bases-in-the-south-china-sea-preparing-for-friction/.

Chen, Laurie, dan Greg Torode. “China maintains defence spending increase at 7.2% amid roiling geopolitical tensions.” Reuters, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-maintains-defence-spending-increase-72-2025-03-05/.

FHUI, Humas. “Batas Wilayah Laut Dan Hak Berdaulat Oleh Arie Afriansyah, S.H., M.I.L., Ph.D.” Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia (blog), 8 Mei 2019. https://law.ui.ac.id/v3/batas-wilayah-laut-dan-hak-berdaulat-oleh-arie-afriansyah-s-h-m-i-l-ph-d/.

Indonesia.go.id. “Sengketa di Kawasan Laut Natuna Utara,” 15 Januari 2020. https://indonesia.go.id/narasi/indonesia-dalam-angka/politik/sengketa-di-kawasan-laut-natuna-utara.

Kantor Berita Ekonomi dan Politik. “Kesepakatan Maritim Prabowo-Xi Jinping Bahayakan Posisi Natuna,” 2024. https://rmol.id/dunia/read/2024/11/11/644318/kesepakatan-maritim-prabowo-xi-jinping-bahayakan-posisi-natuna.

Karyanto, Agung. “Kebijakan Umum Pertahanan Negara Tahun 2020–2024.” Biro Humas Setjen Kementerian Pertahanan, 2021. https://www.kemhan.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/WIRA-MASTER-JAN-FEB2021-rev-JAKUMHANEG-19april2021INDONESIAKomplit.pdf.

Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. “Informasi APBN Tahun Anggaran 2025.” Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Anggaran, Kementerian Keuangan RI, 2024. www.kemenkeu.go.id.

Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. “Joint Statement Between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Indonesia on Advancing the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and the China-Indonesia Community with a Shared Future,” 2024. https://kemlu.go.id/.

Media, Kompas Cyber. “Prabowo-Biden Sepakat Perluas Cakupan Latihan Militer Bersama dan Perkuat Keamanan Maritim.” KOMPAS.com, 13 November 2024. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2024/11/13/21371631/prabowo-biden-sepakat-perluas-cakupan-latihan-militer-bersama-dan-perkuat.