The right to health is a constitutionally recognized human right, and its fulfillment through the National Health Insurance (JKN) system is the responsibility of the state. This research aims to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of legal regulations protecting BPJS patients in guaranteeing the right to health. The study employs a normative juridical approach to examine statutory regulations and an empirical juridical approach to observe their implementation in practice. Secondary data was collected from online media, complaint reports, and social media. The research findings indicate that while the regulations are comprehensive, their effectiveness is hindered by suboptimal implementation. This includes issues such as discrimination against BPJS Class 3 patients, limited facilities, and weak supervision and law enforcement. These disparities impede the achievement of substantive justice in healthcare services. Strengthening law enforcement, internalizing medical ethics, improving the supervisory system, and enhancing patient literacy and participation are therefore necessary.

Buku

Hunt, Paul, UN Secretary-General, dan UN Human Rights Council, Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, ed. The Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health: Note. New York: United Nations, 2013. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/584517

Peraturan Perundangan

Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (Perubahan Ketiga).

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengesahan International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 44 Tahun 2009 tentang Rumah Sakit.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2011 tentang Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 2009 tentang Pelayanan Publik.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 36 Tahun 2014 tentang Tenaga Kesehatan.

Jurnal

Kadarisma, Andri, Sudiarto Sudiarto, dan Yudhi Setiawan. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Peserta Bpjs Dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan.” Commerce Law 1, no. 1 (30 Agustus 2021): 18–25. https://doi.org/10.29303/commercelaw.v1i1.315.

Kafi, Achmad, dan Sofa Laela. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pengguna Jkn Bpjs Kesehatan Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Kota Depok.” Jurnal Ilmiah Publika 11, no. 1 (2023): 234–43.

Nanda, Afghan, dan Sonhaji Aminah. “Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Pasien Bpjs Kesehatan di Rsup Dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro Klaten.” Diponegoro Law Journal 5, no. 4 (2016): 1–18.

Nuraeni, Yeni, dan Lasmin Alfies Sihombing. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional Di Indonesia: Tanggung Jawab Rumah Sakit Dan Hak Pasien.” Jurnal Darma Agung 32, no. 1 (2024): 144–58.

Pratama, Yulius Don, dan Thea Farina. “Perlindungan hukum terhadap pasien BPJS Kesehatan dalam mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan di RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya.” Journal of Environment and Management 2, no. 2 (2021): 191–99.

Puspasari, Maria Meigita, Jeannet Glicel Mais, dan Lamro Risky Otniel Sinambela. “Perlindungan Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Bagi Pasien Pengguna Bpjs Kelas 3 Di Rskd Kota Balikpapan.” LEX SUPREMA Jurnal Ilmu hukum 7, no. 1 (2025). https://jurnal.law.uniba-bpn.ac.id/index.php/lexsuprema/article/view/902.

Safitri, Dwi Nurul. “Implementasi Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pasien Pada Pelayanan Kesehatan Oleh Tenaga Medis Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No 36 Tahun 2014 Di Rumah Sakit Tondano.” LEX PRIVATUM 15, no. 2 (2025). https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/lexprivatum/article/view/60816.

Website

Ardin, Ambrosius. “Beragam Sorotan Ombudsman Seusai Kelas Layanan BPJS Kesehatan Dihapus.” detikbali. Diakses 25 Juni 2025. https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-7340662/beragam-sorotan-ombudsman-seusai-kelas-layanan-bpjs-kesehatan-dihapus.

developer, mediaindonesia com. “Menkes Mengakui Pengawasan dan Penegakan Etik Dunia Medis Masih Memiliki Kelemahan.” Diakses 25 Juni 2025. https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/762759/menkes-mengakui-pengawasan-dan-penegakan-etik-dunia-medis-masih-memiliki-kelemahan.

Kompasiana.com. “Kasus Pelayanan Buruk Nakes ‘Bedakan Pasien BPJS dengan Reguler’ di Fasilitas Kesehatan.” KOMPASIANA, 20 Maret 2024. https://www.kompasiana.com/arinasabila/65f9aff4c57afb2e2f12d552/kasus-pelayanan-buruk-nakes-bedakan-pasien-bpjs-dengan-reguler-di-fasilitas-kesehatan.

OHCHR. “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” Diakses 23 Mei 2025. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights

RI, Ombudsman. “Ombudsman RI Soroti Potensi Maladministrasi Pada Penolakan Pasien BPJS Kesehatan, Ini Poin Perbaikannya.” Diakses 25 Juni 2025. https://ombudsman.go.id:443/news/r/ombudsman-ri-soroti-potensi-maladministrasi-pada-penolakan-pasien-bpjs-kesehatan-ini-poin-perbaikannya?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

———. “Potensi Maladministrasi JKN, Obat Tak Tersedia Pada Faskes.” Diakses 23 Mei 2025. https://ombudsman.go.id:443/artikel/r/pwkinternal--potensi-maladministrasi-jkn-obat-tak-tersedia-padafaskes.

“Warganet Keluhkan Susahnya Berobat Pakai BPJS Kesehatan karena Dioper-oper Faskes Halaman all - Kompas.com.” Diakses 23 Mei 2025. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2025/01/06/173000765/warganet-keluhkan-susahnya-berobat-pakai-bpjs-kesehatan-karena-dioper-oper?page=all.